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Author: Sandhya Anand
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Total Articles: 63 |
Total Views: 124912
City: Bangalore |
State: Karnataka
About Me: I am a part time faculty in biotechnology and allied subjects.I am also a student wondering at the ways of nature. |
Articles by Sandhya Anand:
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GWAS - The New Age of Genomic Studies
GWAS stands for Genome Wide Association Studies. With the availability of Human Genome sequence, Genome Wide Association Studies are being increasing used to explore the association between genotypic variations and phenotypical characters. The article explore the concept, and tools associated with GWAS.
- Category:
Bioinformatics
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Bioinformatic Approaches to Find Gene-genome Duplication
The article discusses the importance of detection of orthologs and bioinformatic methods used in the process.
- Category:
Bioinformatics
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Proteasomes and Their Biological Significance
The article briefly summarizes the importance of proteasomes in drug designing, biological significance and exploratory studies on evolution.
- Category:
Biotech Research
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Proteasomes - The Dooms Day Chamber For Proteins
Proteasomes are involved in protein degradation and a variety of other cellular processes. The article brings out the roles and importance of proteasomes.
- Category:
Others
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Alpha Fetoprotein and its Applications
Alpha fetoprotein is a gold standard among tumor markers and a major fetal serum protein.The levels of this protein is indicative a wide range of disorders. The article given a brief about the protein and its significance and further potentials for research.
- Category:
Healthcare
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Inducing Polyploidy For Creation of Better Species
The role of polyploidy in plant breeding and deciphering evolutionary history is undoubtedly established. The article gives a brief on various processed used in commercial induction of polyploidy for plant breeding.
- Category:
Agriculture
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Multigene Families - Types, Evolution and Examples
Multigene families have similar sequences in their genome and hence reveal course of evolution among related species or between the individuals. The article describes the types and importance of multigene families in brief.
- Category:
Genetics
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Importance of Polyploids | Applications of Polyploidy
Polyploidy has been found to play significant role in evolution and has its applications in various fields. The article describes the importance and applications of polyploidy.
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Others
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Polyploidy - Causes and Types
Polyploidy or the presence of three or more sets of genomes in an organism is one of the important phenomenon commonly found in plants. The process is central to the evolutionary history since it reveals the pattern of gene duplication and speciation. The article gives a brief account of the causes and different types of polyploidy.
- Category:
Genetics
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DNA Markers - The Tools in Genetic Mapping
DNA markers are vital tools in gene mapping studies. The article provides the type of DNA markers used in genetic mapping along with their features.
- Category:
DNA
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Signal Transduction - Basic Mechanisms and Types of Receptors.
The article describes the components of the signal transduction pathways and the major types of receptors involved in signal transduction.
- Category:
Others
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Pseudogenes - Function and Origin
The article summarizes the origin, location, features and functions of pseudogenes. The pseudogenes were identified during the late 1970s when the function of genes was mapped onto the chromosome locations. They were named pseudogenes since they were thought to have no functionality
- Category:
DNA
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Types of Pseudogenes - Decoding Pseudo Notions
Psudogenes are DNA sequences which are results of one or more mutations which render them non functional. Apart from these minor changes, the sequences are almost identical to functional gene sequences.
- Category:
DNA
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Protein Microarrays - Designed For Decoding Protein Functions.
Microarrays have been the latest tools in genomics in identification of genetic variations. The method is now extrapolated to proteomics for identifying the protein interactions. The article gives a brief overview of the technology and types in protein microarrays.
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Others
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Genotyping For Identifying Bacterial Strains
The article gives a list of the common procedures employed in bacterial strain identification along with the details.
- Category:
Applications
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Bioreactors - Classification and Types
Bioreactors are designed to provide a controlled environment for optimal growth of microbes. The article describes the classification and types of bioreactors along with their advantages and disadvantages.
- Category:
Applications
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Characteristics of the Population
The population is distinctly marked by different characteristics which are unique to the individuals of the population. Major population characteristics which are also the basic parameters needed for ecological studies, there are discussed in this article.
- Category:
Biology
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Riboswitches - is RNA Controlling the Genes?
Riboswitches are the latest discovery of gene regulation in prokaryotes and have been recently found in eukaryotic systems. The article discusses the origin, discovery,and mechanisms of riboregulation by these non coding mRNAs.
- Category:
DNA
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SELEX- Revolutionizing In-vitro Selection of Aptamers
SELEX is a process used for in vitro selection of aptamers which are highly specific in binding as well as function due to the nucleotide sequence and shape. The article describes the various steps in the process.
- Category:
DNA
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Aptamers : A Novel DNA-RNA Approach in Biotechnological Research
Aptamers are oligonucleotide sequences carrying out specific functions. These novel molecules are selected from random pools of such DNA/RNA sequences based on their binding ability and are emerging fast as new method of therapy.
- Category:
Biotech Research
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Models For Population Growth
Population models form an essential tool to study the dynamics and characteristics of a population. They aim to represent the changes to the population structure over time in mathematical equations. All models, mathematical or otherwise are abstract representations of reality. According to Levins, modeling is a balancing act between three major parameters, generality, realism and precision.
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Others
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DNA Binding Motifs - Part 2
DNA binding motifs serve to bind the transcription factors to the DNA sequence for purposes such as gene expression and regulation. The article gives a brief account of the various motifs.
- Category:
DNA
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DNA Binding Motifs - Part 1
Information about Helix Turn Helix Motif and Helix Loop Helix Motif. DNA binding proteins recognize and bind to specific sequences. This binding is supported by the presence of DNA binding motifs which help in positioning the DNA binding sequences in a way so as to facilitate easy and stable binding. The article presents the different types of motifs.
- Category:
DNA
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Ecological Succession - Stages and Processes
Succession is the process of establishment of stable mature communities in an uninhabited area. There are different stages of succession without which the habitat cannot be returned back to natural forms before disturbances. The article describes the stages and processed involved in succession. Essentially it is a never ending process when longer geological time scales are applied.
- Category:
Biology
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Ecological Succession - Causes and Types
Succession in ecological systems refer to the changes in ecosystem which result in formation and stabilization of the community in an area after disturbance. The article details the causes and types of succession found in natural ecosystems.
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Others
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Techniques of Epigenetic Studies
Epigenetics is the study of changes in gene expression and regulation which are independent of the DNA sequences. These changes have been a focus for developing new drugs, studying evolutionary ontologies and studying gene regulation mechanisms. This article summarizes the techniques employed in epigenetic studies and their nature.
- Category:
DNA
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Mechanism of Epigenetics
Epigenetics is the occurrence of changes in gene expression independent of the DNA sequence. There are different mechanisms through which the process occur and are used as research tools. The article describes the processes involved in epigenetics.
- Category:
DNA
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C-Value, An Unsolved Paradox?
The C value paradox has been a subject of researchers ever since its discovery. This article attempts to explain the phenomenon and the different theories which has been proposed to explain the mechanism.
- Category:
DNA
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Mutagenesis - Types and Uses
Mutagenesis refers to any fluctuation of the genome of the organisms by physical or chemical mutagens. The different types and their uses and drawbacks are discussed in the article.
- Category:
DNA
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Mapping Functions in Genetics
Information about Haldane, Kosambi, Carter-Falconer and Morgan Mapping functions. Construction of linkage maps are based on recombination fractions which are not accurate at higher map distances. Map functions try to redefine the relation between recombination fraction and map distance precisely. The article gives an insight into different map functions in use and their significance.
- Category:
Genetics
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Effects of Genetic Drift - Bottleneck and Founder effect
Genetic drift is a process in which there are sudden changes in allele frequencies among the generations. The effects of such drift are varied including speciation and genetically isolated demes. The most common effects the genetic bottlenecks and founder effects are discussed in the article.
- Category:
Genetics
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Driving Forces of Evolution - Microevolution
Evolution is no longer termed as a process which involves large variations between generations. The term microevolution has been coined to refer to the variations between generations. The article gives a brief account of the driving forces of this evolutionary mechanism.
- Category:
Biology
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Significance of Keystone Species in Conservation Strategies
The article throws light on the importance of keystone species in ecological research. Recent conservation strategies are shifting focus to conservation and preservation of keystone species. Whether or not such efforts will be fruitful and helps to maintain biodiversity is still speculative.
- Category:
Biology
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Indices of Species Diversity - Part I
Species diversity is one of the most prominent characteristics of community and is the basis of present day conservation approaches. The article presents an overview on the different diversity indices used in ecological studies and their importance.
- Category:
Biology
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Indices of Species Diversity - Part II
The term diversity is quite complex and attempts have been there to confine it within the definitons and mathematical equations. The resultant diversity indices are a key feature of communities which can throw light on many aspects of conservation. The article presents a brief overview of the commonest indices used in ecological studies.
- Category:
Biology
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Deciphering the Phylogenetic Codes
Taxonomy is the detailed study of classification of organisms, including the basis, principles and rules of classification. Among the systematic studies, the most popular and currently employed method in finding the evolutionary relationship among different species is the phylogenetic approach. The article gives a brief on the method and principle behind this.
- Category:
Biology
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Biomedical Informatics - Career Opportunities For the New Generation
Biomedical informatics is the latest buzzword among the biologists and informaticians who would enjoy a career in medicinal field. The increasing medical data has made it necessary for the development of newer tools and systems for effective management. And, biomedical informaticians can provide the solutions.
- Category:
Careers
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Antibiotics - The Microbial Defense Weapons
Microorganisms are ubiquitous and their contribution to human welfare is immense.Among the most important applications of microbial fermentation in maintenance of health is the production of antibiotics.
- Category:
Healthcare
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How to Determine Genetic Linkage?
Linkage is greatly used by geneticists to map the entire genome. This article gives a brief of the different methods used to determine linkage.
- Category:
Genetics
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Artificial Neural Networks - Thinking Made Easy For Robots
Artificial neural networks are inspired greatly by the biological processes. These processes try to mimic the working process and pattern of the biological counterparts. The article presents an overview of the basis, function and different networks involved in the process.
- Category:
Bioinformatics
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Technoecosystems and Modern Conservation Strategies
Biodiversity approaches has been focused towards input or resource management rather than processing the outputs in the recent past. Such a technology has its roots from anthropogenic ecosystems such as technoecosystems where technological developments need to be balanced along with the biodiversity.
- Category:
Biology
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Concepts of Productivity: Successive Steps of Productivity in Biology
Unlike the nutrients, energy does not cycle through the ecosystem, instead enters the system and gets used up within the ecosystem. The fixation of this energy into usable forms is called productivity and this is an important factor in conservation methodologies.
- Category:
Biology
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How to Do a Meta Analysis in Biological Research? Part II
Meta analysis studies efficiently analyze the effects of different studies of similar nature. However selection of studies, parameters to be analyzed and methods of analysis should be carefully done so as to give the best results. The article gives a brief guideline to the approach in biological research.
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Others
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Meta Analysis Studies in Biology- An Introduction - Part I
The term Meta-analysis is the most recent and prominent among the statistical analyses. But why exactly it is needed and what is its significance? The article gives an insight into the process and describes the significance.
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Others
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Pharmacogenetics, Pharmacogenomics and the World of Tailored Medicines
The idea of personalized medicine is in a nascent stage. The use of biomarkers and genomic studies in treatment selection and dosage determination is surely to get a wider acceptance in near future. There is no doubt that it will improve the quality and outcomes of treatment methods.
- Category:
Healthcare
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Fate of a Drug After Administration
A drug is any chemical substance that finds an entry into the system. There should be an enhancement or reduction of biological activity of these chemicals. Biotransformation reactions facilitates the process.
- Category:
Healthcare
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Use of Mathematical Models in Biology
A model tries to accurately represent the reality. It is a simpler approach to understanding the basic concepts about the real situation and facilitates interpretation of data based on the relations between individual variables of the system.
- Category:
Others
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Microarray Data Analysis - Clustering Methods
The most common approaches in clustering are Hierarchical clustering, K- Means clustering, Self Organizing Maps, Partitioning around Mediosis and Principle Component Analysis
- Category:
Bioinformatics
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Microarray Data: To Cluster Or Not? | Purpose of Clustering
Clustering is the most popular method in gene expression analysis methods. This is a kind of descriptive statistics in which data is explored to define the similarity (dissimilarity) between the objects.
- Category:
Bioinformatics
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Methods of Purification of Enzymes
Enzymes are manufactured in bio reactors for commercial purposes and this has to be purified. The process of purification is often requires complex combination of processes which are detailed in the article. The choice of a suitable method depends on the nature of enzyme and desired purity level.
- Category:
Applications
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